Challenges for the inclusion of transparency in the Latin American journalistic ethics agenda
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Published:
Jul 3, 2020
Keywords:
transparency, media accountability, journalistic ethics, journalism, latin america
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Abstract
Transparency has become a socially important concept in politics and business. Since the 1980s, transparency has been imposing itself as a form of greater openness and accountability by authorities, organizations and institutions. Although very popular, transparency has practical limitations and difficulties. In journalism, criteria, interests and procedures are opaque. In Latin America, the political, economic, social and cultural context makes it even more difficult to include transparency in the ethical agenda of journalists. In this article, we investigate how some media accountability systems (Bertrand, 2002) —an arsenal of democracy— work in the ten largest Latin American communication markets. The results point to historical advances in the legislation of these countries, but obstacles in the dissemination of a culture of greater transparency in the region’s journalism.
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Christofoletti, R., & Becker, D. (2020). Challenges for the inclusion of transparency in the Latin American journalistic ethics agenda. Sintaxis, 1(5), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.36105/stx.2020n5.01
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Intervozes. (2018). Monopólios digitais: concentração e diversidade na internet. São Paulo.
Karlsson, M. (2010). Rituals of transparency. Journalism Studies, 11(4): 535-545.
Karlsson, M., Clerwall, C., Nord, L. (2017). Do not remain corrected: transparency and attitudestowards inaccurate news and corrections in online journalism. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(1), 148–167.
Kovach, B. y Rosenstiel, T. (2003). Os elementos do jornalismo: o que os jornalistas devem saber e o público exigir, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Geração Editorial.
Lord, K. M. (2006). The Perils and Promise of Global Transparency: Why the Information Revolution
May Not Lead to Security, Democracy, or Peace. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Matei, S.A., Russell, M.G. y Bertino, E. (eds.) (2015). Transparency in social media: tools, methods and algorithms for mediating online interactions. Cham: Springer.
McBride, K. y Rosenstiel, T. Learning the transparency habit. En Mcbride, K., Rosenstiel, T. The new ethics of journalism: principles for the 21st century. Los Angeles: Sage/CQ Press, 2014.
Mendes, J. Mendes, J. F. (2002). O ombudsman e o leitor. Belo Horizonte: Editora O Lutador.Moore, A. D. (ed.) (2016). Privacy, Security and Accountability: ethics, law and policy. London/New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
Moreno, R. M. A. (ed.) (2005). Comunicación y Política en una democracia ética por construir. Veeduría
Ciudadana de la Comunicación Social/British Council Peru: Lima.
Neto, L. (2000). A herança de Sísifo: Da arte de carregar pedras como ombudsman na Imprensa. Fortaleza:
Edições Demócrito Rocha.
Oliver, R.W. (2004). What Is Transparency? New York: McGraw-Hill.
Paul, N. (1994). Some paradoxes of privacy. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 9(4), 228-230.
Paulino, F. O. (org.) (2009). Lusocomum: transparência, governança, accountability e comunicação pública.Brasília: Casa das Musas.
Repórteres Sem Fronteiras (2020). Índice Mundial de Liberdade de Imprensa. Recuperado de https://rsf.org/pt
Schmidt, P. (2018). Transparency. En Arrigo, Bruce A. (ed.). The Sage Encyclopedia of Surveillance,
Security and Privacy. Los Angeles: Sage.
Schudson, M. (2015). The rise of the right to know: politics and the culture of transparency, 1945–1975.
Cambridge/London: The Belknapp Press of Harvard University Press.
Sheaff, M. (2019). Secrecy, Privacy and Accountability. Challenges for Social Research. Cham: PalgraveMacmillan.
Sifry, M. (2011). Wikileaks and the age of transparency. New York: OR Books.
Singer, J. (2007). Contested Autonomy: professional and popular claims on journalistic norms,Journalism Studies, 8(1), 79-95, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700601056866
Vos, P. T. y Craft, S. (2016). The Discursive Construction of Journalistic Transparency. Journalism
Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1135754
Waisbord, S. (2000). Watchdog Journalism in South America: news, accountability, and democracy.New York: Columbia University Press.
Ward, S. J. A. (2014). The Magical Concept of Transparency. En L. Zion & D. Craig (eds.), Ethicsfor Digital Journalists: Emerging Best Practices, 45-58. New York: Routledge.
Wasserman, E. (2006). Transparency and quality journalism speech. Fórum Folha de Jornalismo. Folha de S. Paulo, Brazil. Recuperado de http://ewasserman.com/2006/05/10/transparency-and-qualityjournalism/
Alloa, E. y Thomä, D. (eds.) (2018). Transparency, Society and Subjectitvy: critical perspectives. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Andersson, K. (2008). Transparency and Accountability in Science and Politics: The Awareness Principle. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Baldi, P. y Hasebrink, U. (eds.) (2007). Broadcasters and Citizens in Europe: Trends in Media Accountability and Viewer Participation. Bristol/Chicago: Intellect.
Bastian, M. (2019). Media and Accountability in Latin America: Framework–Conditions–Instruments. Springer VS: Wiesbaden.
Becerra, M. y Mastrini, G. (2006). Periodistas y magnates: estructura y concentración de las industrias culturales en América Latina. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
Becerra, M. y Mastrini, G. (2009). Los dueños de la palabra: acceso, estrutura y concentración de los medios en la América Latina del siglo XXI. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
Berger, S. y Owetschkin, D. (ed.) (2020). Contested transparencies, social movements and the public sphere. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bertrand, C.-J. (2002). O arsenal da democracia: Sistemas de responsabilização da mídia. Bauru: Edusc.
Bowles, N., Hamilton, J.T., Levy, D.A.L. (eds) (2014). Transparency in politics and the media. Accountability and open government. London: I.B. Tauris.
Christensen, L.T. y Cheney, G. (2015). Looking at transparency: Challenging ideals, proxies and organizational practices. Communication Theory 25, 70–90.
Christensen, L. y Schoeneborn, D. (2017). The corporate construction of transparency and (in) transparency. En A. Rasche, M. Morsing y J. Moon (eds.), Corporate Social Responsibility: Strategy, Communication, Governance (pp. 350-370). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335529.021
Christofoletti, R. (2016). Ethical risks, informers, whistleblowers, leaks and clamor for transparency. Brazilian Journalism Research, 12(2).
Christofoletti, R. (2017). Códigos de ética: frágeis, numerosos e necessários. ENeves, M.C.P.,
Silva, R.S. Ética Aplicada: Comunicação Social. Porto: Edições 70.
Chul-Han, B. (2019). Sociedade da transparência (Transparenzgesellschaft). Tradução de Ênio Paulo
Giachini-Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2017, 3ª reimpressão.
Costa, C. T. (2006). O relógio de Pascal. (2a. ed.). São Paulo: Geração Editorial.
Craft, S. (2019). Transparency. The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies. Tim P. Vos and
Folker Hanusch (General Editors). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0097
Craft. S. y Heim. K. (2009). Transparency in journalism: meanings, merits and risks. The Media Ethics Handbook. New York: Routledge, 217-228.
Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism?: Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Sage Journals. Recuperado de http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/4/442
Dimova, G. (2020). Democracy Beyond Elections. Government Accountability in the Media Age. Cham:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Dragos, D.C., Kovac, P., Marseille, A.T. (eds.) (2019). The Laws of Transparency in Action: A European
Perspective. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Eberwein, T., Fengler, S. y Karmasin, M. (2017). The European Handbook of Media Accountability.
London: Sage.
Eberwein, T., Fengler, S., Lauk, E y Leppik-Bork, T. (eds.) (2011). Mapping Media Accountability – in
Europe and Beyond. Colônia (Alemanha): Herbert Von Halem.
Eberwein, T., Fengler, S. y Karmasin, M. (ed.) (2019). Media accountability in the era of post-truth
politics. London/New York: Routledge.
Ferrucci, P. (2018). The End of Ombudsmen? 21st-Century Journalism and Reader Representatives.
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 1–20.
Florini, A. (ed.) (2007). The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World. New York: Columbia
University Press.
García, N. (2004). Diferentes, desiguales y desconectados: mapas de la interculturalidad. Gedisa: Barcelona.
Geraldes, E., Haje, L., Ramos, M. C. y Leal, S. (2012). Políticas de comunicações: um estudo comparado– Brasil, Espanha, Estados Unidos, México e Venezuela. Salamanca: Comunicación Social.
Hellmueller, L., Vos, T.P, Poepsel, M.A (2013). Shifting journalistic capital? Journalism Studies, 3(14), 287-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.697686
Herrera, S. y Christofoletti, R. (2006). Una guía de los observatorios de medios en América Latina. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos de la Comunicación, 5, 47-65.
Intervozes. (2018). Monopólios digitais: concentração e diversidade na internet. São Paulo.
Karlsson, M. (2010). Rituals of transparency. Journalism Studies, 11(4): 535-545.
Karlsson, M., Clerwall, C., Nord, L. (2017). Do not remain corrected: transparency and attitudestowards inaccurate news and corrections in online journalism. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(1), 148–167.
Kovach, B. y Rosenstiel, T. (2003). Os elementos do jornalismo: o que os jornalistas devem saber e o público exigir, 2ª ed. São Paulo: Geração Editorial.
Lord, K. M. (2006). The Perils and Promise of Global Transparency: Why the Information Revolution
May Not Lead to Security, Democracy, or Peace. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Matei, S.A., Russell, M.G. y Bertino, E. (eds.) (2015). Transparency in social media: tools, methods and algorithms for mediating online interactions. Cham: Springer.
McBride, K. y Rosenstiel, T. Learning the transparency habit. En Mcbride, K., Rosenstiel, T. The new ethics of journalism: principles for the 21st century. Los Angeles: Sage/CQ Press, 2014.
Mendes, J. Mendes, J. F. (2002). O ombudsman e o leitor. Belo Horizonte: Editora O Lutador.Moore, A. D. (ed.) (2016). Privacy, Security and Accountability: ethics, law and policy. London/New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
Moreno, R. M. A. (ed.) (2005). Comunicación y Política en una democracia ética por construir. Veeduría
Ciudadana de la Comunicación Social/British Council Peru: Lima.
Neto, L. (2000). A herança de Sísifo: Da arte de carregar pedras como ombudsman na Imprensa. Fortaleza:
Edições Demócrito Rocha.
Oliver, R.W. (2004). What Is Transparency? New York: McGraw-Hill.
Paul, N. (1994). Some paradoxes of privacy. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 9(4), 228-230.
Paulino, F. O. (org.) (2009). Lusocomum: transparência, governança, accountability e comunicação pública.Brasília: Casa das Musas.
Repórteres Sem Fronteiras (2020). Índice Mundial de Liberdade de Imprensa. Recuperado de https://rsf.org/pt
Schmidt, P. (2018). Transparency. En Arrigo, Bruce A. (ed.). The Sage Encyclopedia of Surveillance,
Security and Privacy. Los Angeles: Sage.
Schudson, M. (2015). The rise of the right to know: politics and the culture of transparency, 1945–1975.
Cambridge/London: The Belknapp Press of Harvard University Press.
Sheaff, M. (2019). Secrecy, Privacy and Accountability. Challenges for Social Research. Cham: PalgraveMacmillan.
Sifry, M. (2011). Wikileaks and the age of transparency. New York: OR Books.
Singer, J. (2007). Contested Autonomy: professional and popular claims on journalistic norms,Journalism Studies, 8(1), 79-95, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700601056866
Vos, P. T. y Craft, S. (2016). The Discursive Construction of Journalistic Transparency. Journalism
Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1135754
Waisbord, S. (2000). Watchdog Journalism in South America: news, accountability, and democracy.New York: Columbia University Press.
Ward, S. J. A. (2014). The Magical Concept of Transparency. En L. Zion & D. Craig (eds.), Ethicsfor Digital Journalists: Emerging Best Practices, 45-58. New York: Routledge.
Wasserman, E. (2006). Transparency and quality journalism speech. Fórum Folha de Jornalismo. Folha de S. Paulo, Brazil. Recuperado de http://ewasserman.com/2006/05/10/transparency-and-qualityjournalism/